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Universal Direction of Sentence-Generation and Three Odd Cases of Wh-movement:An Entropic Perspective 作 者：李亚非 作者简介：李亚非，男，博士，美国威斯康星大学语言学系教授，南京大学文学院教授，研究兴趣：句法、词法-句法界面、语言学方法论。代表作：{H1AB8118.jpg}:A Theory of the Morphology-Syntax Interface,The Syntax of Chinese（合著）和Structural head and aspectuality,E-mail：yafeili@wisc.edu。 原发信息：《当代语言学》(京)2017年第20172期 内容提要：本文讨论两类句法现象：（1）所有已知的语言都是先说结构位置高的成分，后说位置低的成分。（2）英语wh疑问句的造句规则有三个例外：所有者为疑问词时不能单独移位，必须把包含它的整个DP拖带到句首；主语为疑问词时不使用无语义助动词do；结构位置在VP/vP之外的所有副词类都没有疑问形态。第一个现象基本上被目前的句法理论所忽视。第二类现象所涉及的三种句法结构从表面来看似乎互不相关，但是都分享一个特征：符合疑问句造句规则的都是从实词环境向虚词环境移位；而一旦移位的起点和终点都是虚词环境就会发生上述各种例外。本文通过热力学第二定律（即能量自然耗散）和句法运算的经济原则，对以上各种现象提出一个统一的解释。 Two types of syntactic phenomena have no explanations.The first is the fact,made explicit in Kayne(1994),that structurally higher constituents are always produced earlier in actual sentence-generation.Kayne's own effort to explain this,i.e.his tentative answer to why the Linear Correspondence Axiom holds to begin with,amounts to shifting the question to several assumptions that are based on dubious analogies or whose plausibility is difficult to assess independently.The second phenomenon consists of three exceptions to the general rules of English wh-question formation:(i)a wh-possessor must pied-pipe the entire DP,(ii)a wh-subject does not trigger do-insertion,and(iii)all adverb classes from the subject-oriented upward have no legitimate wh-counterparts(cf.how carefully vs.*how evidently).(i-iii)all involve the wh-word originating inside a functional context(DP,TP,various FPs,respectively)and aiming at another functional context(CP),a generalization not yet made in the literature.There is also reason to believe that these "oddities" are not specific to English.Pos-sessor-pied-piping,for instance,has been suggested to be parametric(Gavruseva 2000),with Tzotzil,Chamorro and Hungarian presumably allowing the wh-possessor to move alone.A closer look at the data reported in the original works,however,turns out extra facts in all these languages that question whether the claimed extracted possessor indeed originates inside the possessee DP:Tzotzil possessors,wh or not,trigger in 关键词：句子生成方向/wh疑问句/拖带移位/副词类/热力学第二定律/句法运算的经济原则direction of sentence-generation/wh-questions/pied-piping/adverb classes/2nd law of thermodynamics/sensitivity to computational cost 本文的内容可以归纳为一、二、三。目前知道的所有自然语言都按照同一个顺序造句，以通常的句法树形图来说就是永远自上而下，此乃一。物理学中定义熵的法则是热力学第二定律，权作二。而文中讨论的异常wh-移位有三类，是为三。 1.高先低后的句子生成顺序 首先声明，这里所讨论的句子生成顺序，是指实际的造句过程，而非最简方案理论里的由小到大逐步融合造句成分的理论顺序。以汉语为例（暂时忽略无关细节）： 
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