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注释： ①值得注意的例外是Audrey Jaffe, Vanishing Points Dickens Narrative, and the Subject of Omniscience, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991; Richard Maxwell, "Dickens' Omniscience," English Literary History Vol. 46, 1979, pp. 290-313; Meir Steinberg, The Poetics of Biblical Narrative, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985; Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978; and recently, Nicholas Royle, The Uncanny, New York: Routledge, 2003。 ②此文的早期版本是为2003年在加利福尼亚伯克利召开的叙事文学研究会的年会而写。受多罗西·霍尔之邀请，我得以在大会上发言，也感谢台下听众和其他主旨发言者，如玛丽·蒲韦和艾琳·斯卡里对该文的回应。我还从康奈尔大学批评和理论学院、都灵大学和锡耶纳大学以及2005年在路易斯维尔召开的叙事学会议上与听众的讨论中获益不少。我还要感谢马龙·库兹米克关于全知的神学争论传统的研究与建议以及哈利·肖、奥德利·瓦塞尔、吉姆·费兰对于此文草稿的评论。 ③"Woolf to Vanessa Bell, 11 February 1928," Virginia Woolf, The Letters of Virginia Woolf, ed. Nigel Nicholson and Joanne Trautmann, Vols. 6. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1975-1980, 3: 457-458. ④Wallace Martin, Recent Theories of Narrative, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 146. ⑤非常感谢尼古拉斯·罗伊尔发给我此书该章的原稿：《“心灵感应效应”：叙事小说反思笔记》。该文把我自己尚未考虑成熟的、呼吁文学研究对宗教主题采取批评态度的“全知”术语和假说并置，这促使我对这一话题进行研究。 ⑥Katherine Rodgers, Perfect Being Theology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000, p. 76. ⑦Meir Steinberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978, p. 255. ⑧Jane Austen, Emma, Stephen Parrish ed., New York: Norton, 1972, p. 335n. ⑨Meir Steinberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978, p. 255. ⑩Meir Steinberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978, p. 258. (11)Meir Steinberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978, p. 282. (12)Meir Steinberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978, p. 282. (13)Barbara K. Olsen, Authorial Divinity in the Twentieth Century, Lewisburg: Associated University Press, 1997, p. 42. (14)Barbara K. Olsen, Authorial Divinity in the Twentieth Century, Lewisburg: Associated University Press, 1997, pp. 42-43. (15)Barbara K. Olsen, Authorial Divinity in the Twentieth Century, Lewisburg: Associated University Press, 1997, p. 43. (16)Meir Steinberg, Expositional Modes and Temporal Ordering in Fiction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978, p. 295. (17)Meir Steinberg, The Poetics of Biblical Narrative, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985, p. 88. (18)Jane Austen, Emma, ed. Stephen Parrish, New York: Norton, 1972, p. 1. (19)Robert A., Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent, New York: Random House, 1990, p. 72. (20)Felix Martinez-Bonati, Elective Discourse and the Structures of Literature, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 34. (21)“反讽”意指在我们认为是虚构的世界里，接受叙述为真实。“陈述”是马丁内兹－伯纳蒂创造的术语，指在传统的小说世界里主张模仿再现为真实。Felix Martinez-Bonati, Elective Discourse and the Structures of Literature, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 35. (22)Jane Austen, Emma, Stephen Parrish ed. New York: Norton, 1972, p. 95. (23)在奥斯汀的小说世界中，伊莎贝拉是幸福女人典型的真实性，有待商讨；我们的异议在于我们不相信在我们的世界里这是真的。如果这是本科幻小说，叙述者便可自由地规定这特殊世界里什么才算是幸福，正如叙述者可以规定伊莎贝拉是爱玛的姐姐，但在现实主义小说中，判断不享有和描述性陈述同样的规约性权威。我们可以说，叙述者“相信”这是幸福的模式但也许这不是，然而若说叙述者“相信”伊莎贝拉是爱玛的姐姐但也许这不是，则是没道理的(当然，除非叙述者是角色之一)。这两种陈述情况完全不同。叙述者投射的智慧效果依赖于这样一个事实：判断和评价当然不是真的，而是开放性的，有待他人评判。 (24)Dorrit Cohn, The Distinction of Fiction, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, pp. 21-29. (25)Wayne Booth, The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 161. (26)詹姆斯·费兰提议，这种倾向性可能是复合的，因为叙述者因其特质使然，肯定知道故事是如何被创造出来的。加之角色想法的特殊认知，这可能会引起全知的归属问题。 (27)James Joyce, "The Boarding House," in Dubliners, New York: Viking, 1968, pp. 165-166. (28)Marcel Proust, A la recherche du temps perdu, Vols. 3, Paris: Gallimard, 1954, 1: 159-165. (29)Gerard Genette, Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980, p. 208. (30)Gerard Genette, Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980, p. 209. (31)Marcel Proust, A la recherche du temps perdu, Vols. 3, Paris: Gallimard, 1954, 1: 186. (32)Robert Scholes and Robert Kellogg, The Nature of Narrative, New York: Oxford University Press, 1966, p. 261. (33)Nicholas Royle, The Uncanny, New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 261. (34)Richard Walsh, "Who Is the Narrator," Poetics Today, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1997, pp. 495-513. (35)See Ann Banfield, Unspeakable Sentences: Narration and Representation in the Language of Fiction, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982. (36)Seymour Chatman, Coming to Terms: The Rhetoric of Narrative in Fiction and Film, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 116. (37)雅克对于船长说不论我们作好作歹都是锦上添花的克制，只是增添了作家叙述者能够决定我们所听这一声明的尖刻程度。Denis Diderot, "Jacques le fataliste," in Oeuvres romanesques, Paris: Garnier, 1962, p. 495. (38)Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, New York: Norton, 1973, p. 347. (39)Susan S. Lanser, Fictions of Authority: Women Writers and Narrative Voice, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, pp. 16-22. (40)George Eliot, Middlemarch, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950, p. 1. (41)George Elio, Middlemarch, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950, book II, chapter 15, pp. 147-148. (42)Elizabeth Ermath. Realism and ConsensUs in the English Novel, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, pp. 65-66. (43)J. Hillis Miller, The Form of Victorian Fiction, South Bend: Notre Dame University Press, 1968, pp. 63-67. (44)Elizabeth Ermath, Realism and Consensus in the English Novel, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, p. 76. (45)Harry Shaw, Narrating Reality: Austen, Scott, Eliot, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999, pp. 236-239. (46)Richard Maxwell, "Dickens' Omniscience," English Literary History, Vol. 46, 1979, p. 290. (47)See, for example, D. A. Miller, The Novel and the Police, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988; John Bender, Imagining the Penitentiary: Fiction and Architecture of Mind in Eighteenth Century England, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987; Audrey Jaffe speaks, Appropriately, of Omniscience as "a Fantasy," Audrey Jaffe, Vanishing Points: Dickens Narrative and the Subject of Omniscience, Berkeley: University of Califormia Press, 1991, pp. 6, 19. (责任编辑：admin) |