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注释： ①Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Dramatists,Edinburgh:John Grant,1905,p.240. ②Marjorie Gather,Coming of Age in Shakespeare,New York:Routledge,1981,p.30. ③这是1599-1600年的统计数字(see Shen Lin,"How Old Were the Children of Paul's?",in Theatre Notebook,45[1991],pp.121-131; Michael Shapiro,Children of the Revels:The Boy Companies of Shakespeare's Time and Their Plays,New York:Columbia University Press,1977,p.104)。 ④早期现代英国的男童演员除了扮演男童，还需变装假扮年轻女性(女孩和少女)，已有欧美学者探讨过男童演员假扮的女性角色，男童演员与性/性别政治话题也一度成为莎剧研究的焦点(see Stephen Orgel,Impersonations:The Performance of Gender in Shakespeare's England,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996; Michael Shapiro,Gender in Play on the Shakespearean Stage,Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press,1995; Jean Howard,"Cross-Dressing,the Theatre and Gender Struggle in Early Modern England",in Shakespeare Quarterly,39[1988],pp.418-440)。 ⑤See Susan Brigden,"Youth and the English Reformation",in Past and Present,95(1982),p.37. ⑥See Arthur F.Kinney et al.,eds.,Tudor England:An Encyclopedia,New York:Garland,2001,p.561. ⑦See Peter Laslett,The World We Have Lost:Further Explored,London:Routledge,1983,pp.118-119. ⑧Kate Chedgzoy,"Introduction:'What,Are They Children?'",in Kate Chedgzoy et al.,eds.,Shakespeare and Childhood,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007,p.19. ⑨Paul Griffiths,Youth and Authority:Formative Experiences in England,1560-1640,Oxford:Clarendon,1996,p.6. ⑩See Mark A.Heberle,"'Innocence Prate':King John and Shakespeare's Children",in Elizabeth Goedenough et al.,eds.,Infant Tongue:The Voice of the Child in Literature,Betriot:Wayne State University Press,1994,p.28. (11)See Mark H.Lawhorn,"Children in Shakespeare's Plays:An Annotated Checklist",in Kate Chedgzoy et al.,eds.,Shakespeare and Childhood,pp.240-244. (12)See Thomas A.Pendleton,"Shakespeare's Children",in Mid-Hudson Language Studies,3(1980),p.40. (13)See Ivy Pinchbeck et al.,Children in English Society,vol.1:From Tudor Times to the Eighteenth Century,Toronto:Toronto University Press,1969,p.97; see also Paul Slack,The English Poor Law,1531-1782,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995,p.52. (14)Henry Cuffe,The Differences of Ages of Man's Life,London:printed by Arnold Hatfield,1607,pp.117-118. (15)See Anon,The Office of Christian Parents,Cambridge:printed by Cantrell Legge,1616,pp.43-44. (16)在中世纪和早期现代英国，男孩7岁以下常与母亲及女眷同住，7岁左右需更换裤装(breeched)，交由男性教导，很多男孩从此开始求学或学徒生涯(see Lawrence Stone,The Family,Sex and Marriage in England,1500-1800,New York:Harper and Row,1977,p.6.后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词和引文出处页码，不再另注)。 (17)See Arthur F.Kinney et al.,eds.,Tudor England:An Encyclopedia,p.418. (18)Richard Mulcaster,Positions(1581),abr.and ed.Richard L.DeMolen,New York:Teachers College Press of Columbia University,1971,p.48. (19)Ben Jonson,"Timber:or,Discoveries",in C.H.Herford et al.,eds.,Ben Jonson,vol.8,Oxford:Clarendon,1947,p.597. (20)See Francis Lenton,The Young Gallants Whirligig; or,Youths Reakes,London:printed by Miles Flesher,1629,pp.1-22. (21)See James Cleland,Hero-paideia,or The Institution of a Young Noble Man,Oxford:Ioseph Barnes,1607,p.8,p.23,p.21. (22)威廉·莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》，收入《莎士比亚全集》，朱生豪译，人民文学出版社，1994年。本文中莎士比亚戏剧的引文均取自朱生豪译本，行数标记则以阿登版《莎士比亚全集》(The Arden Shakespeare,eds.Richard Proudfoot et al.,London:Methuen & Thomas Learning,1995)为准。后文出自各剧的引文，将随文标出各剧名称全称及场次、幕次与行数，不再另注。 (23)See Anna Davin,"What is a Child?",in Anthony Fletcher et al.,eds.,Childhood in Question:Children,Parents and the State,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1999,p.33.这句话也被《莎士比亚与童年》编者凯特·切戈佐伊引为文章标题(See Kate Chedgzoy,"Introduction:'What,Are They Children?'",p.17)。 (24)《编年史》只以一句话加以概括：“麦克白非常残忍地杀掉了麦克德夫的妻子、孩子们以及城堡中能找到的所有人。”(Raphael Holinshed,Holinshed's Chronicles of England,Scotland and Ireland,vol.5,ed.Henry Ellis,New York:AMS Press,1808,p.274.) (25)A.C.Bradley,Shakespearean Tragedy,London:Macmillan,1932,p.391. (26)A.C.Bradley,Shakespearean Tragedy,p.395. (27)See Cleanth Brooks,The Well-Wrought Urn:Studies in the Structure of Poetry,New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanivich,1947,p.47. (28)《新旧约全书·马太福音》6章26节，中国基督教协会印发，1989年。 (29)《新旧约全书·诗篇》124首6节。 (30)特里·伊格尔顿《论邪恶：恐怖行为忧思录》，林雅华译，湖南人民出版社，2014年，第16页。 (31)特里·伊格尔顿《论邪恶：恐怖行为忧思录》，第18-19页。 (32)Charles John Summerville,The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England,Athens:Georgia University Press,1992,p.47. (33)See A.J.Piesse,"Character Building:Shakespeare's Children in Context",in Kate Chedgzoy et al.,eds,Shakespeare and Childhood,p.73. (34)See The Life and Death of King John,A BBC and Time-Life Royal Shakespeare Company Production,dir.David Giles,prod.Shaun Sutton,BBC:The Shakespeare Collection V(DVD),1984. (35)See J.H.Plumb,"The Great Change in Children",in Horizon,13.1(1971),pp.4-12. (36)See Phillipe Ariès,Centuries of Childhood:A Social History of Family Life,trans.Robert Baldick,New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1962,pp.132-133. (37)See Edward Shorter,The Making of Modern Family,London:Collins,1976,p.33. (38)See David Lee Miller,"The Father's Witness:Patriarchal Images of Boys",in Representations,70(2000),pp.119-121. (39)斯通称之为“教育革命”(see Lawrence Stone,"The Educational Revolution in England,1560-1640",in Past and Present,28[1964],pp.41-80)。 (40)Keith Thomas,"Children in Early Modem England",in Gilian Avery et al.,eds.,Children and Their Books:A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie,Oxford:Clarendon,1989,pp.45-77. (41)耶稣说：“让小孩子到我这里来，不要禁止他们，因为在神国的，正是这样的人。”(《新旧约全书·马可福音》10章14节、《新旧约全书·马太福音》19章14节、《新旧约全书·路加福音》18章16节) (42)See Charles John Summerville,The Discovery of Childheod in Puritan England,pp.71-72. (43)Horace E.Scudder,Childhood in Literature and Art,Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1894,pp.128-129. (44)See Richardo J.Quinones,The Renaissance Discovery of Time,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1972,pp.4-5.后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词和引文出处页码，不再另注。 (45)See B.J.Sokol,A Brave New World of Knowledge:Shakespeare's The Tempest and Early Modem Epistemology,Madison:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,2003,p.125. (46)Jean Bodin,The Six Bookes of a Commonweale:A Facsimile Reprint of the English Translation of 1606,Corrected and Supplemented in the Light of a New Comparison with the French and Latin Texts,trans.Richard Knolles,ed.Kenneth D.McRae,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1962,Book 1,Chapter 2,p.8. (47)Bruce W.Young,Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare,West Port:Greenwood,2009,p.29. (48)See Katherine Knowles,"'This Little Abstract':Inscribing History upon the Child in Shakespeare's King John",in eSharp,Issue10:Orality and Literacy(Winter,2007),p.4. (49)Sir Walter Raleigh,Sir Walter Raleigh's Instructions to His Sonne,and to Posterity,London:printed for Benjamin Fisher,1632,p.27. (50)See Alison Findlay,Illegitimate Power:Bastards in Renaissance Drama,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1994,p.39. (51)See Mark Lawhorn,"Children in Shakespeare's Plays:An Annotated Checklist",p.240,p.244. (52)See Katherine Knowles,This Little Abstract:Inscribing History upon the Child in Shakespeare's King John,p.22. (53)有学者认为《约翰王麻烦不断的统治》一剧也出自莎士比亚之手，属于“坏旧开本”(Bad Quardo)，而《约翰王》是莎士比亚在此四开本的基础上于1595年重写而成的。1888年版《约翰王麻烦不断的统治》的标题就说明了这一点(see The Troublesome Raigne of John,King of England,First Quarto,1591,Which Shakespeare Rewrote[About 1595] as His Life and Death of King John,London:Charles Praetorius,1888,title page)。 (54)The Troublesome Raigne of John,King of England,First Quarto,1591,Which Shakespeare Rewrote(About 1595) as His Life and Death of King John,p.46. (55)梁实秋译为“时事问题剧”，与“问题剧”(problem play)相区别。 (56)See Karl F.Zender,Shakespeare,Midlife and Generativity,Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2008. (57)Kate Chedgzoy,"Introduction:'What,Are They Children?'",pp.20-21. (58)See Joseph Campana,"Killing Shakespeare's Children:The Cases of Richard III and King John",in Shakespeare,3.1(2007),p.35. (59)See Andrew Wear,Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine,1550-1680,New York:Cambridge University Press,2000,p.12. (60)See Anthony Fletcher,Gender,Sex,and Subordination in England,1500-1800,New Haven:Yale University Press,1995,p.277. (61)See Barbara A.Kellum,"Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages",in History of Childhood Quarterly,1(1974),pp.367-388. (62)Walter George Hiscock,John Evelyn and His Family Circle,London:Routledge,1955,pp.38-39. (63)Ben Jonson,"Epitaph on S.P.,a Child of Q.El.Chappel",in C.H.Herford et al.,eds.,Ben Jonson,vol.8,p.77. (64)See David Lee Miller,"The Father's Witness:Patriarchal Images of Boys",pp.119-121. (65)David Lee Miller,"The Father's Witness:Patriarchal Images of Boys",p.128. (66)基思·托马斯指出，人口增长一方面极大地推动了早期现代英国儿童和少年身份的建立，另一方面也对国家和社会产生了巨大压力，使得早期现代英国的少年受到压制，失去了许多原有权利，导致了15及16世纪的英国逐渐以年龄作为标准，将社会划分为相互对立的两方(see Keith Thomas,Age and Authority in Early Modern England,in Proceedings of the British Academy,62[1976],pp.214-225)；此外，托马斯也讨论了早期现代英国的老人政治(see Keith Thomas,Age and Authority in Early Modern England,pp.205-248)。 (67)如大卫·毕文顿认为，“莎士比亚在《理查三世》这样的悲剧中运用年轻的角色，是为了凸显年轻人的理想主义与猎食天真、毁灭理想的老成世故的犬儒主义之间令人不快的反差”(David Bevington,Shakespeare:The Seven Ages of Human Experience,Malden:Blackwell,2005,p.30)；安·布莱克认为儿童“年幼无辜”、“毫无成人的邪恶”(Ann Blake,"Children and Suffering in Shakespeare's Plays",in The Yearbook of English Studies,Early Shakespeare Special Number,23[1993],p.292,295)。 (68)See Oxford English Dictionary(OED),2[nd] ed.,CD-ROM(v.4.0),New York:Oxford University Press,2009,"child". (69)See Hattie Fletcher et al.,"Father-Child Identification,Loss and Gender in Shakespeare's Ploys",in Kate Chedgzoy et al.,eds.,Shakespeare and Childhood,p.62. (70)See Margaret Ferguson et al.,"Introduction",in Margaret W.Ferguson et al.,eds.,Rewriting the Renaissance:The Discourses of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe,Chicago:Chicago University Press,1986,pp.xxx-xxxi. (71)Joan Keny-Gadol,"Did Women Have a Renaissance?",in Renate Bridenthal et al.,eds.,Becoming Visible:Women in European History,Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1977,p.19. (72)《皆大欢喜》里杰奎斯按“身份”将人生划分为如学童、追求者、士兵等七个阶段，显然未将女性包括在内。 (73)See Beatrice Gottlieb,"Life Stages-Life Stages in Practice",in Paul F.Grendler,ed.,Encyclopedia of the Renaissance,vol.3,New York:Charles Scribners Sons,1999,p.425. (74)Peter Coveney,"Author's Introduction",in The Image of Childhood:The Individual and Society,A Study of the Theme in English Literature,Baltimore:Penguin,1957,p.29. (75)William Wordsworth,"My Heart Leaps up",in Stephen Greenblatt et al.,eds.,The Norton Anthology of English Literature,vol.2,New York & London:Norton,2012,p.335. (76)莎士比亚常被现代评论家称为“无畏的孩子”(dauntless child)、“自然之子”(child of nature)、“不朽的少年”(immortal boy)，但这些评价在17、18世纪就已经出现且含贬义，如蒲柏就认为，莎士比亚的青春活力和没有经验造成了一些作品“毫无规律可言”，“很多地方孩子气，处置不当，与其整体的恢弘之气并不相称”，但到了浪漫主义时期，莎氏的“孩子气”却成了正面评价(see Robert Shaughnessy,"Introduction",in Kate Chedgzoy et al.,eds.,Shakespeare and Childhood,p.3)。 (责任编辑：admin) |