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四、结语 综上所述，《千万别让我走》是主人公凯西对个体、集体创伤历史的书写。她不仅书写了个体作为目击者和亲历者所遭受的间接的和直接的创伤及作为边缘群体一员所遭受的隐伏创伤，也通过写作建构了集体的文化创伤。将小说解读为创伤叙事，我们会发现凯西写作的意义。一方面，通过写作对个体创伤进行宣泄，可以减轻个体伤痛和抚慰受伤心灵，正如詹姆士·道斯(James Dawes)所总结的：“将身体的、心理的损害带入语言中是将它从身体或心灵释放到世界中，使之在此被修复，或者至少被远离。将伤痛转化为语言就是对它施加控制，解除伤痛起初对我们自由的盗窃”。(2009：408)另一方面，通过写作发声，打破了克隆群体的集体沉默，对边缘群体被剥削和暴力宰割的历史进行了宣称和见证，从而建构了集体的文化创伤，并担当起个体对集体灾难的责任。 注释： ①本文所有关于Never Let Me Go的引文均出自文献[9]，为笔者自译，下文不再一一标注，仅标出页码。 ②小说引文中的黑体为笔者所加，下同。 参考文献： [1]Alexander, Jeffrey. Towards a theory of cultural trauma[C] // Jeffrey Alexander. Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004：1-30. [2]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder[R]. 4[th] Rev. Ed. Washington: APA, 2000. [3]Britzman, Deborah. On being a slow reader: Psychological problems in Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go[J]. Charging English, 2006, 13(3): 307-318. [4]Brown, Laura. Not outside the Range: One feminist perspective on psychic trauma[C] // Cathy Caruth. Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1995：100-112. [5]Caruth, Cathy. The Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History[M]. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996. [6]Dawes, James. Human rights in literary studies[J]. Human Rights Quarterly, 2009, 31(2): 394-409. [7]Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks[M]. Charles Lam Markmann. Trans. New York: Grove Press, 1967. [8]Groes, Sebastian. "Something of a lost corner": Kazuo Ishiguro's landscapes of memory and east anglia in Never Let Me Go[C]// Sebastian Groes. Kazuo Ishiguro: Net Critical Visions of Novels. Houndmius/Basingstoke/Hampshive: Palgrave macmillan, 2011：211-224. [9]Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go[M]. New York: Vintage International, 2005. [10]McDonald, Keith. Days of past future: Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go as "Speculative Memoir"[J]. Biography,2007, 30(1): 74-83. [11]Roos, Henriette. Not properly human: Literary and cinematic narrative about human harvesting[J]. Journal of Literary Studies, 2008, 24(3): 40-53. [12]Root, Maria. Reconstructing the impact of trauma on personality[C] // Laura Brown. Personality and Psychopathology: Feminist Reappraisal. New York: Guilford, 1992:229-266. [13]Vorhaus, Daniel. Review of Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go[J]. The American Journal of Bioethics, 2007, 7(2):99-100. (责任编辑：admin) |