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注释： ①See G. R. Hibbard, "General Introduction", in G. R. Hibbard, ed., Hamlet, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 3-5. ②学界普遍认为《哈姆莱特》是英格兰对苏格兰女王玛丽与其子(苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世)有可能继承英格兰王位的抗议；而葛楚德一角色是影射受疑通奸并谋害第二任夫婿的苏格兰女王玛丽(See Stuart M. Kurland, "Hamlet and the Scottish Succession?", in Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 34, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama[Spring, 1994], pp. 279-300; Andrew Hadfield, "The Radical Hamlet", in Shakespeare and Republicanism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 184-204)。 ③See G. R. Hibbard, ed., Hamlet, pp. 5-12; Ann Thompson and Neil Taylor, eds., Hamlet, Beijing: People's University Publishing House, 2007, pp. 64-74; Marvin W. Hunt, Looking for Hamlet, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 13-30. ④See Julie Maxwell, "Counter-Reformation Versions of Saxo: A New Source for Hamlet?", in Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 57, No. 2(Summer, 2004), pp. 518-560. ⑤See C. Warren Hollister, Robert C. Stacey, and Robin Chapman Stacey, The Making of England to 1399, Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001, pp. 61-64, p. 70; John Riddle, A. History of the Middle Ages 300-1500, New York and Toronto: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008, p. 211. ⑥本文研读三个通行的《哈姆莱特》版本：(牛津版) G. R. Hibbard, ed., Hamlet；(剑桥版) Ann Thompson and Neil Taylor, eds., Hamlet；(诺顿版) William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, in Maynard Mack et al, eds., The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, vol. 1, London and New York: Norton, 1979, pp, 1538-1640。后文出自同一著作的引文，将随文标出该著名称首词，卷次，幕、场、行次(引文出处页码)，不再另注；论文提及的剧本援引，如无特别说明，表示是三个版本共有，具体行数可能略有不同。引文为笔者自译。牛津版与诺顿版遵循F1(1623)，剑桥版则依循Q2(1604/05)；Q2与F1是流传广远的版本，而1823年重新被发现的Q1(1603)则大大不同于这两个流传版，向来被认为是不可信的“坏本”。Q1版可见于网址："Shakespeare in Quarto", British Library, http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/SiqDiscovery/ui/search.aspx. ⑦See Christopher Hibbert, The Story of England, London: Phaidon, 1992, pp. 28-39; Richard Hall, The World of the Vikings, New York: Thames & Hudson, 2007, pp. 27, pp. 103-115. ⑧See Leonard Barkan, "What Did Shakespeare Read?", in Margreta de Grazia and Stanley Wells, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 31-47. ⑨See Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, Tim Parks, trans., London: Penguin, 2009, pp. 21-37. ⑩See Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, pp. 60-61. (11)See Marvin W. Hunt, Looking for Hamlet, pp. 38-43; Roger Warren, "Shakespeare on the twentieth-century stage", in Stanley Wells, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2000, p. 257. (12)向这个原本轻狂的角色加重哲思与喟叹的分量，这或可是莎士比亚为了首任“哈姆莱特”演员Richard Burbage“量身打造”的手笔，这种使哈姆莱特“成熟化”的倾向也主导了18、19世纪的表演方式与趣味，要延续到19、20世纪之交才开始见有不同的角色塑造(See Marvin W. Hunt, Looking for Hamlet, pp. 83-92)。 (13)See Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997, pp. 7-23, pp. 87-97. (14)See Warren C. Brown, Violence in Medieval Europe, London: Pearson Education Ltd., 2011, pp. 88, pp. 196-197. (15)See Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies, p. 225; Andrew Hadfield, Shakespeare and Republicanism, pp. 12-17. (16)See Andrew Hadfield, Shakespeare and Republicanism, p. 25; Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies, p. 18; Albert Rolls, The Theory of the King's Two Bodies in the Age of Shakespeare, Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2000, pp. 55-58. (17)Diana Newton, The Making of the Jacobean Regime: James VI and I and the Government of England, 1603-1605, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2005, p. 24. (18)See Andrew Hadfileld, Shakespeare and Republicanism, pp. 7-53; Phil Withington, Society in Early Modern England: The Vernacular Origins of Some Powerful Ideas, Cambridge: Polity, 2010, pp. 139-160. (19)See David Harris Sacks, "Political Culture", in David Scott Kastan, ed., A Companion to Shakespeare, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, pp. 117-135; Joseph Black et al., The Renaissance and the Early Seventeenth Century, Canada: Broadview Press, 2006, pp. L-LI; Andrew Hadfield, Shakespeare and Republicanism, p. 7. (20)See Andrew Hadfield, Shakespeare and Republicanism, pp. 47-49; Diana Newton, The Making of the Jacobean Regime, pp. 35-36, pp. 141-143. (21)当亨利八世还是王子时，其王储兄长甫婚乍逝，使得亨利成为顺位继承人并迎娶寡嫂阿拉贡的凯瑟琳，罗马教皇的侄女。后因男嗣无着，亨利八世遂假宗教改革之名，挣脱罗马教廷的控制，以不伦婚姻无效为由强行离婚。 (22)See Jerah Johnson, "The Concept of the 'King's Two Bodies'in Hamlet', in Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 8, No. 4(Autumn, 1967), pp. 430-454. (23)Stuart M. Kurland, "Hamlet and the Scottish Succession?", in Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, vol. 34, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama(Spring, 1994), pp. 279-00, p. 282. (24)万一詹姆斯武力夺位，英格兰必陷战乱。但是，詹姆斯顺利入主英格兰，只不过是延迟了绝对王权与共和思想这两股政治信念之间的冲突的爆发，这火苗在其子查尔斯一世时迅猛窜成内战，导致查尔斯一世被控叛国而身首异处，英格兰进入短暂的共和政治实验，在复辟之后决绝地走向君主立宪制，君主统而不治，以议会内阁为国家权力中心。 (25)See Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice, London and New York: Routledge, 2000, pp. 21-57. (26)See Steven Mullaney, "Mourning and Misogyny: Hamlet, The Revenger's Tragedy, and the Final Progress of Elizabeth I, 1600-1607", in Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 45, No. 2(Summer, 1994), pp. 139-162. (27)See Valerie Traub, Desire and Anxiety: Circulations of Sexuality in Shakespearean Drama, London and New York: Routledge, 1992, p. 26. (28)See John Hunt, "A Thing of Nothing: The Catastrophic Body in Hamlet", in Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 39, No. 1(Spring 1988), pp. 27-44. (29)See Janet Adelman, Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare's Plays, Hamlet to The Tempest, New York: Rutledge, 1992, pp. 24-35. (30)See Carolyn G. Heilbrun, "The Character of Hamlet's Mother", in Hamlet's Mother and Other Women, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990, pp. 9-17. (31)See Valerie Traub, Desire and Anxiety, pp. 25-49. (32)Albrecht Classen, "The Cultural Significance of Sexuality in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and Beyond", in Albrecht Classen, ed., Sexuality in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008, p. 13. (33)See Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice, London and New York: Routledge, 2000, pp. 59-100. (34)See Robert Bucholz and Newton Key, Early Modern England 1485-1714, Oxford: Blackwell 2009, pp. 216-219; Stanley Wells, Shakespeare, Sex, and Love, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 33-41. (责任编辑：admin) |