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注释： ①长篇小说指novel这一文类，国内一般简化为“小说”。关于该文类的界定和讨论，参见伊恩·P·瓦特：《小说的兴起》。后文均用“小说”指代“长篇小说”。 ②罗伯特认为，小说次文类理所当然会触及“一切人类环境、贸易和行业”(61)。 ③克鲁斯否认创伤具有确定性(locatability)，认为创伤并无具体场域，其潜伏期也不确定。这一带有鲜明后结构主义色彩的论断，招致雷斯(Ruth Leys)的微词(266-97)：而《书写历史、书写创伤》(Writing History,Writing Trauma)的作者拉卡普拉(Dominick LaCapra)，也认为克鲁斯对于创伤中“未知”(not-knowing)因素的强调，似乎否定了历史编撰的真实性和可靠性，有虚无主义之嫌(181-83)。 ④哈布瓦赫之后，阿斯曼(Jan Assmann)提出文化记忆以区别集体记忆，阿斯曼认为集体记忆侧重主体，轻视客体，而文化记忆则强调客体(物品)有保存文化特质的功用，能让记忆、文化和社会的联系更为紧密(125-33)。另一个相似的概念是社会记忆，旨在避免陷入荣格集体无意识的误区，同样得益于哈布瓦赫的对社会、群体和记忆的思考，关于这点，参见J.Fentress,and C.Wickham.Social Memory.Blackwell,1992.其实，不论集体记忆、文化记忆，还是社会记忆，主要区别对象都是个体记忆。这里，集体记忆更能体现与身体记忆不同的维度。另外，文化创伤的概念采用的亦是集体记忆。所以，本文采用集体记忆的概念。 参考文献： [1]Adams,M.H."Novel." A Glossary of Literary Terms.7th ed.Heinle & Heinle,1999,pp.193-94. [2]Alexander,Jeffrey."Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma." Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity.Edited by Jeffrey Alexander,et al.U of California P,2004,pp.1-30. [3]Anderson,Benedict.Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism.Translated by Ruiren Wu.Shanghai People's Publishing,2005.[安德森：《想象的共同体——民族主义的起源与散布》，吴叡人译。上海：上海人民出版社，2005.] [4]Aristotle.Poetics.Translated and annotated by Zhongmei Chen.The Commercial Press,2010.[亚里士多德：《诗学》，陈中梅译注。北京：商务印书馆，2010.] [5]Assmann,Jan."Collective Memory and Cultural Identity." Translated by John Czaplicka.New German Critique,No.65,Spring-Summer,1995,pp.125-33. [6]Caruth,Cathy."Introduction." Trauma:Explorations in Memory,edited by Cathy Caruth.The John Hopkins UP,1995. [7]——.Unclaimed Experience:Trauma,Narrative,and History.The John Hopkins UP,1996. [8]Casey,Edward S.Remembering:A Phenomenological Study.Indiana UP,1987. [9]Connerton,Paul.How Societies Remember.Translated by Naran Bilik.Shanghai People's Publishing,2000.[康纳顿：《社会如何记忆》，纳日碧力戈译。上海：上海人民出版社，2000.] [10]Davies,Karen."Body Memories and Doing Gender:Remembering the Past and Interpreting the Present in Order to Change the Future Time and Memory." Time and Memory,edited by Jo Alyson Parker,et al,Koninklijke Brill NV,2006. [11]Etherington,Kim.Introduction.Trauma,the Body and Transformation:A Narrative Inquiry,edited by Kim Etherington,Jessica Kingsley,2003. [12]Freud,Sigmund.Beyond the Pleasure Principle.Translated by James Strachey.W.W.Norton,1961. [13]Frye,Northrop.Anatomy of Criticism:Four Essays.Princeton UP,1971,2000. [14]Granofsky,Ronald.The Trauma Novel:Contemporary Symbolic Depictions of Collective Disaster.Peter Lang,1995. [15]Halbwachs,Maurice.On Collective Memory.Translated by Ran Bi and Jinhua Guo.Shanghai People's Publishing,2002.[哈布瓦赫：《论集体记忆》，毕然、郭金华译。上海：上海人民出版社，2002.] [16]Jameson,Fredric.The Political Unconscious:Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act.Translated by Fengzhen Wang and Yongguo Chen.China Social Sciences,1999.[詹姆逊：《政治无意识》，王逢振、陈永国译。北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999.] [17]LaCapra,Dominick.Writing History,Writing Trauma.The John Hopkins UP,2001. [18]Leys,Ruth.Trauma:A Genealogy.U of Chicago P,2000,pp.266-97. [19]Pert,Candace.Molecules of Emotion.Simon and Schuster,1998. [20]Robert,Marthe."From Origins of the Novel." Theory of the Novel:A Historical Approach,edited by Michael McKeon,The Johns Hopkins UP,2000,pp.57-69. [21]Said,Edward W.Culture and Imperialism.Vintage Books.1993. [22]Watt,Ian P.The Rise of the Novel.Translated by Yuan Gao and Hongjun Dong.SDX Joint Publishing,1992.[瓦特：《小说的兴起》，高原、董红钧译。北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1992.] [23]White,Hayden.Postmodern Historical Narratology.Translated by Yongguo Chen and Wanjuan Zhang.China Social Sciences,2003.[怀特：《后现代历史叙事学》，陈永国、张万娟译。北京：中国社会科学出版社，2003.] [24]——."Historical Discourse and Literary Writing." Tropes for the Past:Hayden White and the History/Literature Debate,edited by Kuisma Korhonen,Rodopi B.V,2006,pp.25-34. (责任编辑：admin) |