注释: ①这一观点出自赵毅衡为其编选的《符号学文学论文集》(天津:百花文艺出版社,2004年)写的“编者按”,题为《文学与语言研究诸问题》。 ②雅各布森的《现代俄国诗歌》(Новейшая Русская Поэзия)是用俄语写成的,1921年于布拉格出版了单行本,后来收入《雅各布森选集》第五卷(Selected Writings V:On Verse,Its Masters and Explorers)。 ③本文原为程代熙在中国人民大学中国语言文学系1985年9月于北戴河举办的文艺学方法论研讨班上的讲稿。 ④这一梳理出自盛宁为乔纳森·卡勒《结构主义诗学》(1991年)中译本所写的“译者前言”,题为《阐释批评的超越——结构主义诗学论》,篇末注明写于1988年3月。 ⑤在《普通语言学教程》一书中,“结构”一词出现了8次。参见索绪尔:《普通语言学教程》,第181、239、241、243、250、261、299页。 ⑥这里的引文部分为《索绪尔语言理论回顾》一文的中译本小标题,是译者概括出来的雅各布森的观点。参见[美]罗曼·雅各布森:《索绪尔语言理论回顾》,载《雅柯布森文集》第8、35页。 ⑦《隐喻和转喻的两极》(The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles)是雅各布森《语言的两个方面和失语症的两种类型》(Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances)一文的第五部分。 ⑧德国语言哲学家布勒曾经提出语言的三功能说,1934年在《语言理论》中,明确为语言具有表达、意动、表现三种功能。这对雅各布森产生了一定的影响。雅各布森最初提出的是文学语言的三功能说,即诗性功能、表情功能、实用功能,并在前者和后两者之间建立了二元关系。后来,由于发现实用语言中也存在诗性功能,又进一步提出了语言的六功能说。 参考文献: [1]Caw,Peter.Structuralism:The Art of Intelligible.New Jersey & London:Humanities Press International,1988. [2]程代熙:“结构主义漫评——读书札记”,《文艺学方法论讲演集》,中国人民大学中国语言文学系编。北京:中国人民大学出版社,1987年。165-99. 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