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摘 要: 主流汉语自古以来小句基本语序为SVO,但从跨方言角度看,则存在一个奇特的类型景观:汉语东西两端的方言,即东端之吴语和西端之西北方言,在语序类型上偏离VO语序最甚,受事前置语序非常常见,其偏离程度远甚于两者之间的大片汉语方言｡本文从句类限制和极性限制､前置受事的词类限制和句法属性限制､受事成分的语义属性(指称义､生命度)和语篇信息属性(新旧信息等),分析两端方言受事前置语序在类型上的重要差异,以此说明吴语的受事前置主要是受事型话题结构的扩展用法,而西北方言的受事前置是真正的OV语序,源于相邻语言SOV语序的影响｡ 关 键 词: 语序类型比较 SOV 吴语 话题结构 西北方言 语言接触 作者简介: 刘丹青,中国社会科学院语言研究所所长、研究员,主要研究兴趣为语言类型学、语法学、方言学, 相关信息: 本文为中国社会科学院创新工程项目“汉语口语的跨方言调査与理论分析”的成果之一｡初稿曾在第七届汉语方言语法国际研讨会(2014.9西安)和中国社会科学院民族所民族发展论坛(2014.12)宣讲,获众多同行尤其是孙宏开､黄行､李云兵､黄成龙､邢向东､温锁林等先生指正,南开大学博士生周晨磊协助整理两地方言资料,盛益民博士和博士生卢笑予曾对初稿提供意见,一并致谢｡尚存问题均由作者负责。 （本文刊于《方言》2015年第2期P.97-110） A Typological Comparison of the Patient-Preposing Order between Wu and Northwestern dialects LIU Danqing Abstract: The basic word order in clauses in mainstream Chinese has been SVO since the earliest records. From a cross-dialectal perspective, however, a rather peculiar typological scenario manifests itself as two groups of dialects, distributed almost diametrically at the southeastern and northwestern extremes, show the greatest deviations from the typical VO order, i.e. a noticeably common patient-preposing order (PPO). These deviations are remarkably more robust than the oceans of dialects located between the two extremes. Based on an analysis of the PPO in terms of constraints on polarity, word classes and syntactic conditions of the preposed patient, and the semantic and textual properties of the proposed patient, such as referentiality, animacy, new or given information, the present paper further displays important typological differences between the two groups. It concludes then that in Wu dialects the patient preposing is an expanded utilization of the topic structure with the patient encoded preceding the verb, while in the northwestern dialects the patient preposing proves to be a genuine OV order as a result of the influence of the neighboring SOV languages. Key words: Typological comparison of word order, SOV, Wu dialects, topic structure, Northwestern dialects, language contact (责任编辑：admin) |