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注释： ①皮特里早在19世纪20年代便访问过阿伦群岛，辛格还在《阿伦群岛》中记述岛民至今还记得他(J. M. Synge, The Aran Islands, with drawings by Jack. B. Yeats, Dublin: Maunsel & Co., Ltd., 1907, p. 3)。皮特里对爱尔兰古代手稿的收集工作做出了较大的贡献。西蒙斯是英国诗人、评论家，曾与叶芝共游过阿伦群岛。哈登是英国剑桥学者、人类学的学科奠基人。1883年他被任命为都柏林科学学院(College of Science in Dublin)的动物学教授，并于1885年发起成立都柏林野外考察俱乐部(Dublin Field Club)，致力于推动对阿伦群岛的人类学研究。事实上，这一范畴内的学者很多，其他访问过阿伦群岛的著名学者还有德·祖班维尔(Marie Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville，1827-1910，法国历史学家及文献学家)、弗朗兹·芬克(Franz Nikolans Finck，1867-1910，德国语言学家)、霍节·帕德森(Holger Pedersen，1867-1953，丹麦语言学家)和杰拉米·克汀(Jeremiah Curtin，1835-1906，美国翻译家及民俗研究学者)等。 ②弗古逊被认为是预见了爱尔兰文艺复兴运动的一个重要的先驱人物。他的作品最早体现了文化民族主义的精神。奥唐纳文和奥卡里对古代爱尔兰史诗故事的翻译作品激发了奥格拉迪对爱尔兰古代史诗的热情，并通过他对文艺复兴运动时期的作家产生了很大的影响(See Patricia Boyne, "Thank You, Eoin O'Curry; from Mangan, O'Grady and Others", in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 285[1983], pp. 76-83)。 ③关于英-爱优势阶层的定义，详见陈丽《时间十字架上的玫瑰——20世纪爱尔兰大房子小说》，上海复旦大学出版社，2009年，第11-12页。 ④Qtd. in Robin Skelton, "The Politics of J. M. Synge", in The Massachusetts Review, 1(1977), p. 7. ⑤据叶芝自述，是他建议辛格放弃法国的生活，回到爱尔兰和阿伦群岛去寻找创作灵感(See W. B. Yeats, "Preface to the First Edition of The Well of the Saints", in W. B. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, New York, Macmillan, 1961,p.299)。不过当代学者的研究表明辛格去阿伦群岛的旅行并非一时之兴，而是辛格自己深思熟虑的结果(See Mark Mortimer, "Yeats and Synge: An Inappropriate Myth", in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 264[1977], pp. 292-298; Declan Kiberd, "The Nature and Extent of Synge's Knowledge of Irish", in The Maynooth Review/Review Mhá Nuad, 1[1978], pp. 3-24)。 ⑥Edward Said, "Representing the Colonized: Anthropology's Interlocutors", in Critical Inquiry, 15(1989), pp. 211-212. ⑦Ambrose Bierce, The Devils Dictionary, http://www.alcyone.com/max/lit/devils/e.html. ⑧Qtd. in Gregory Castle, "Staging Ethnography: John M. Synge's 'Playboy of the Western World' and the Problem of Cultural Translation", in Theatre Journal, 3(1997), p. 281. ⑨James F. Knapp, "Primitivism and Empire: John Synge and Paul Gauguin", in Comparative Literature, 1(1989), pp. 53-54. ⑩Gregory Castle, "Staging Ethnography", p. 279. (11)J. M. Synge, The Aran Islands, p.67. (12)Gregory Castle, "Staging Ethnography", p. 278. (13)Edward Said, "Yeats and Decolonization", in Terry Eagleton et al., Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990, p.79. (14)Gregory Castle, "Staging Ethnography", p.278. (15)Oscar Wilde, The Decay of Lying, http://www.online-literature.com/wilde/1307/. (16)J. M. Synge, "The Playboy of the Western World", in John P. Harrington, ed., Modern Irish Drama, New York and London: Norton, 1991, p.117. (17)John Wilson Foster, "Certain Set Apart: The Western Island in the Irish Renaissance", in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 264(1977), p.261. (18)Thomas Davis, "The West's Asleep"，in Seamus Deane, ed., Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing(vol. 2), Derry, Northern Ireland: Field Day Publications, 1991, p. 54. (19)但是因为爱尔兰岛的面积很小，整体上受英国化的程度深，所以爱尔兰西部远不是像拓荒前的美国西部那样保留了完整的原生态土著文化。爱尔兰西部的“自由”意象更多地存在于文化想象中，而不是在实际的地理层面。 (20)John Wilson Foster, "Certain Set Apart: The Western Island in the Irish Renaissance", p.264. (21)Qtd. in John Wilson Foster, "Certain Set Apart: The Western Island in the Irish Renaissance", p.265. (22)Douglas Hyde, A Literary History of Ireland, from Earliest Times to the Present Day, London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., 1899, p.194. (23)J. M. Synge, The Aran Islands, p. 160. (24)John Wilson Foster, "Certain Set Apart: The Western Island in the Irish Renaissance", p. 270. (25)Sean O'Faolain, An Irish Journey, New York: Longmans, Green, 1943, p.144. (26)J. M. Synge, The Aran Islands, p.2, p. 83, p. 93, p. 116. (27)See John Synge, "The Aran Islands", in Seamus Deane, ed., Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing(vol. 2), p. 518. (28)See Lady Gregory, A Book of Saints and Wonders Put Down Here by Lady Grgory According to Old Writings and the People and Memory of Ireland, London: John Murray, 1907; The Kiltartan Books: Prose Translations from the Irish, Project Gutenbery Ebook #6656. (29)Sinead Garrigan Mattar, Primitivism, Science, and the Irish Revival, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 158. (30)Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, Dublin: Cork University Press, 1931, p. 80. (31)Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, p. 1. (32)See Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, pp. 1-27. (33)Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, p. 27. (34)W. B. Yeats，Synge and the Ireland of His Time, pp. 16-17.文中提到的博罗(George Henry Borrow)是英国作家，其最著名的作品是《圣经在西班牙》。 (35)例如，叶芝在诗中写道：“我宣布这座塔是我的象征，我宣布/这架似盘绕、转圈、螺旋的踏车般的楼梯是我祖传的楼梯；/哥尔斯密和那主教，贝克莱和柏克曾经旅行到这里。”(叶芝《血与月》，傅浩译，载傅浩编选《叶芝精选集》，北京燕山出版社，2008年，第178-179页)；参见陈丽《天鹅之歌：叶芝的英-爱文化情结》，载《时间十字架上的玫瑰》，第199-213页。 (36)Daniel Corkery, Synge and Anglo-Irish Literature, p.57.引文中斜体为原文所有。 (37)Qtd. in Gregory Castle, "Staging Ethnography", p. 284. (责任编辑：admin) |